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1 chocolate flavour coating
Таможенная деятельность: шоколадная глазурь (1806 20 800 0)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > chocolate flavour coating
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2 шоколадная глазурь
1) General subject: chocolate couverture (АД), chocolate glaze2) Gastronomy: coating chocolate3) Food industry: couverture, covering chocolate4) Advertising: chocolate coating, chocolate cover5) Customs: chocolate flavour coating (1806 20 800 0)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > шоколадная глазурь
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3 הרייך הראשון
the First Reich, name of the empire which ruled over Germany between the years 800 to 1806 -
4 First Reich
הרייך הראשון, שם הקיסרות ששלטה על גרמניה בין השנים 800 ל-1806* * *◙ 6081-ל 008 םינשה ןיב הינמרג לע הטלשש תורסיקה םש,ןושארה ךיירה◄ -
5 Great Plains
Предгорное плато на высоте 700-1800 м над уровнем моря, протянувшееся на 3 тыс. км вдоль восточных склонов Скалистых гор [ Rocky Mountains]; ширина 500-800 км. Основные участки Великих равнин (с севера на юг) - плато Миссури [Missouri buttes], центральные Высокие равнины [ High Plains], плато Льяно-Эстакадо [ Llano Estacado] и Эдуардс [ Edwards Plateau]. В некоторых районах разделено полосами эрозии (т.н. "бедлендами" [ Badlands]). Климат континентальный, растительность степная [buffalo grass]. На юге сухие степи. Производство пшеницы [ Wheat Belt], пастбищное скотоводство (на юге). Равнины известны как Всемирная житница [Granary of the World]. Когда по договору о покупке Луизианы [ Louisiana Purchase] (1803) северная часть Равнин перешла к США, американцы практически не знали этих мест. В отчетах Льюиса и Кларка [ Lewis and Clark Expedition] (1804-06), З. Пайка [ Pike, Zebulon Montgomery] (1806-07) и С. Лонга [ Long, Stephen Harriman] (1820) земли признавались непригодными для жизни и оставались барьером для расширения Фронтира [ Frontier] - Великой американской пустыней [ Great American Desert] вплоть до 50-60-х гг. XIX в.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Great Plains
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6 By, Lieutenant-Colonel John
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 7 (?) August 1779 Lambeth, London, Englandd. 1 February 1836 Frant, Sussex, England[br]English Engineer-in-Charge of the construction of the Rideau Canal, linking the St Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers in Canada.[br]Admitted in 1797 as a Gentleman Cadet in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, By was commissioned on 1 August 1799 as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, but was soon transferred to the Royal Engineers. Posted to Plymouth upon the development of the fortifications, he was further posted to Canada, arriving there in August 1802.In 1803 By was engaged in canal work, assisting Captain Bruyères in the construction of a short canal (1,500 ft (460 m) long) at the Cascades on the Grand, now the Ottawa, River. In 1805 he was back at the Cascades repairing ice damage caused during the previous winter. He was promoted Captain in 1809. Meanwhile he worked on the fortifications of Quebec and in 1806–7 he built a scale model of the Citadel, which is now in the National War Museum of Canada. He returned to England in 1810 and served in Portugal in 1811. Back in England at the end of the year, he was appointed Royal Engineer Officer in charge at the Waltham Abbey Gunpowder Works on 1 January 1812 and later planned the new Small Arms Factory at Enfield; both works were on the navigable River Lee.In the post-Napoleonic period Major By, as he then was, retired on half-pay but was promoted to Lieu tenant-Colonel on 2 December 1824. Eighteen months later, in March 1826, he returned to Canada on active duty to build the Rideau Canal. This was John By's greatest work. It was conceived after the American war of 1812–14 as a connection for vessels to reach Kingston and the Great Lakes from Montreal while avoiding possible attack from the United States forces. Ships would pass up the Ottawa River using the already-constructed locks and bypass channels and then travel via a new canal cut through virgin forest southwards to the St Lawrence at Kingston. By based his operational headquarters at the Ottawa River end of the new works and in a forest clearing he established a small settlement. Because of the regard in which By was held, this settlement became known as By town. In 1855, long after By's death, the settlement was designated by Queen Victoria as capital of United Canada (which was to become a self-governing Dominion in 1867) and renamed Ottawa; as a result of the presence of the national government, the growth of the town accelerated greatly.Between 1826–7 and 1832 the Rideau Canal was constructed. It included the massive engineering works of Jones Falls Dam (62 ft 6 in. (19 m) high) and 47 locks. By exercised an almost paternal care over those employed under his direction. The canal was completed in June 1832 at a cost of £800,000. By was summoned back to London to face virulent and unjust criticism from the Treasury. He was honoured in Canada but vilified by the British Government.[br]Further ReadingR.F.Leggett, 1982, John By, Historical Society of Canada.—1976, Canals of Canada, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.—1972, Rideau Waterway, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Bernard Pothier, 1978, "The Quebec Model", Canadian War Museum Paper 9, Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.JHBBiographical history of technology > By, Lieutenant-Colonel John
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7 Roebling, John Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 July 1806 Muhlhausen, Prussiad. 22 July 1869 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]German/American bridge engineer and builder.[br]The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.[br]Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Books.D.McCullough, 1982, The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge, New York: Simon \& Schuster.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Roebling, John Augustus
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